[Writer]
Ruteng.
Thursday, on Sept. 13, 2018.
Compang.
Compang (altar) is a place in the middle of Mbaru Gendang town square. Not only the Mbaru Gendang, Tambor and Niang also have a compang.
Status, Position and Ritual.
Tambor.
Tambor is a part of the traditional house included the Niang. Tambor is a reward, gift to their girls children who decides to live together with them - when the girls has a husband.
Generally, Gendang as a centrum, shall give some of lingkos' to them. They can used the same well (wae barong), town square (natas) but lingko (garden) is different. Their position is placed under of the Gendang because of as a clan and also as a Tu'a Teno - Tu'a Teno is one of leader of a Gendang who was being taken of them.
It means that, when then the Tambor has a Tu'a Teno, they have an occupation or position in there. Some of those lands which were being given by the Gendang before, of course each of these lingkos' shall appoint the one who has a rang (has occupation in their group) among them.
How about rituals?
Tambor has many assigments, either congko lokap nor the paki jarang bolong rituals but tambor is traditionally forbidden to make a sae dance expected doing the lilik compang (walking around the altar while sing a traditional song during doing five times) because theirs lingkos' constitute a gift. Tambor in Manggarai is named as ata ka'eng one anak rona. Tambor has an assignment which is mentioned as a sida (pay for whatever the anak ronas' demands).
They have due to doing the congko lokap and paki jarang bolong but penti (harvest thanksgiving) shall be done with the Gendang. They will doing that together all of people there which is named pa'ang olo ngaung musi.
[Sae is a traditional dance of Manggarai Flores, be done in front of the Mbaru Gendang. They will dance with ancestors from that village before cut down the animal sacrafice near the altar (compang).
This dance is a sacral dance because those spirits come to there and participated in that dance. The dance will be done if they will celebrate a ritual: paki jarang bolong and congko lokap. The dance is not being done in front of Niang and Tambor because both of that are not as a Gendang.
Let you know.....!!!
Father all of us around the world shall come to give His grace and mercy to make clean those rituals. He shall participated in that dance. Jesus God as savior also come to compang (traditional altar). I don't ask you to follow this comment, i just give you a little information how about the ritual is very holy because God comes to there].
Then..........!!!
Niang.
Of course, Niang is not different with the Tambor included their rituals which is demanded not to make a sae dance near the compang. They also have many Tu'a Tenos' who were being taken up among them. That case is exampled by of the Niang Wae Rebo occupation until now.
Niang is a Tribe.
Awhile, Niang is also a gift of the Lord Land to others clan who is not has social relation directly priorly but based on the careness - the Lord Land who is mentioned as Tu'a Golo careness. A head of Niang shall be shown among them to be a leader (Tu'a Panga).
As we know, Wae Rebo has many Tu'a Teno who should been deviding those lingkos' and it reasons that afar from others. Their history is unique and difficult but in other places, Gendang, Tambor and Niang had lived together on the a hill.
Unique.
Nuca Lale has many uniqueness. That case seen how the Gendang Barang position not afar from Pagal, near Wae Naong. To be a guestion how theirs ancestors considere to live together in one town square place, compang and wells but their Gendang were not same. They have each lingkos' and also Tu'a Golo, Tu'a Teno, and Tu'a Gendang.
Until now, I don't understand what their consideration so their decision to live together in one altar, town square and wells priorly.
Gendang.
Gendang is a main house, central house where all of the people collected to solve some of problems. They will sit down like a cycle which is called as a lonto leok. Lonto (sit), leok (cycle form) near of siri bongkok (a big block in the middle of the Gendang). Usually, Tu'a Golo shall lean above of the block but sometimes he took a chance, shall lean near the wooden board wall together others but the servant has to put some of mat big pillows in front of him. He doesn't alone but together with Tu'a Teno, Tu'a Gendang and Tu'a Panga.
Let we know, the three servants of that village will sit together in that Gendang to solve a problem and have each roles, among others thing: Tu'a Golo solves some cases generally, he shall be helped by Tu'a Panga, Tu'a Kilo, Tu'a Gendang and Tu'a Teno.
Lumpung.
We are then discussing about lumpung. Lumpung occured in West Reok which is located at Racang, Sambi, Loce, Kajong, Robek. They have special charateristic though there are similarities.
For them, Gendang as a basic, main source basically that cann't be diveded on several parts and therefore they don't said: Cahir Gendang! Split the Gendang! They just say: Cahir Lumpung! Split the Lumpung.
There are two types of Lumps.
Lumpung Leca.
Lumpung Leca is a lumps derived from one Gendang, only one, alone. But has a leader, agriculture area, wells, altar, town square and lumpung, public grave (when they give offerings to ancestors in grave).
Lumpung Rangko.
Lumpung rangko or telo is formed by some of Gendangs'. That is to say that, there are three Lumpung. They then make a same perception to form a Lumpung. It is factored by the lands position of the three of Gendang near by one another awhile those lands located are very afar from those Gendangs - some of lingkos' near by one another and those lingkos' are belongs to of three or four Gendangs'.
The three of Tu'a Gendangs' then make decision to build a Lumpung with a leader and some of devices. After build the traditional house, they will kill the black buffalo in front of Lumpung not in town square, not doing sae and lilik compang but pray to God and ancesters whic is named as tudak kaba. Yeah, very different. They will kill the animals sacrifices in from of door of Lumpung not in town square.
Role of Them.
Tu'a Teno.
The land cases will be solved by a Tu'a Teno because deviding of the lingko based on his decision, so when his people involved conflict he shall judge the case witnessed by the Tu'a Kilo, Tu'a Gendang, Tu'a Panga and Tu'a Golo.
Tu'a Gendang.
Tu'a Gendang just solve a social problem not related to the land cases. All the problems will be judged by him if Tu'a Kilo and Tu'a Panga are not founded the solutions of those problems. For example: quarels between clan, head if families, or wife and husband, father and his son, or mother with her girls children. Tua Gendang shall take part to looking for a shine methode of that case. He is a main decision maker, finalist.
Tu'a Golo.
Tu'a Golo usually to solve some of social problems which is happened on his village. He is a symbol of pangga pa'ang nggalu ngaung - front and back keeper. He has authority to arrange some of programs on his village. He is a general judge about social riots with others Gendang. He himself who determine the war, his decision is final included if have a riots or several attacks from comer, foreigners.
If he has a privat problem, is rarely judged by Tu'a Gendang and if found guilty based on the Tu'a Gendang demands, he get a setences. Tu'a Golo also shall be fined based on the traditional law alike tala ela wase lima but his amoral deed shall not leave the position. Basically, if he does't has ability to solve a problem he shall be helped by Tu'a Teno. After come back to God, his son replace that position. Tu'a Golo is often analogied as a wise man, full of wisdoms.
Tu'a Panga.
Tua Panga is to organize and manage his clan included arrange the norms. He shall invite head of families (Tu'a Kilo) in Niang to talk some of thinkings and concepts due to arrange code of conducts, regulations solve the internal management cases.
Not only to arrange their clan norms but to help the Gendang also, for example to form the root of regulations and the golo code of conducts, either the land cases such as: corridor, boundaries of property privat land and lingko.
Due to the social cases, every clan and families have different regulations but when the cases couldn't be managed in that clan and family, Tu'a Gendang based on the general norms in that village decide a truth case. All of those clan and family regulation will fall off by itself. They will use the general norm.
Tu'a Lumpung.
Tu'a Lumpung then shall arrange his code of conduct not from the customs just regulation as a together holdings with others in there.
If one of the Gendang of the three Lumpung shall ceberate a harvest thanksgivings, all them have to involved from the material contribution side. They have each rule to succeed the celeberation. Their participation is more solid and united.
The Traditional Government System of Manggarai.
1. System.
Why they mentioned as: Tu'a Golo, Tu'a Gendang, and Tu'a Teno? To answer this question, we must understand that system come from two word, i.e Tu'a and structure.
2. Meaning
2.1 Tu'a
Tu'a is a head, a person who must be honored by others, a high leader in one of social group who has a status, occupation.
2. 2 Types
2.2.1 Golo
Golo or hill not mountain (poco mese, poco mondek), awhile forest (puar). As we look that, Elders were lived in forest (puar) but they choose the hill as a strategic location.
Of course, there are many opinions so the option live there:
2.2.1.1 Enemies Attack
Not many of us who do understand the reasons why the Elders choose the hill, but based on the note of some histories, they afraid deeply with the present of comer who want to kill them. Hill to be a strategic place because they can be able to see around included the presence of them.
2.2.1.2 Wild Animals
They can avoid when attacted by wild animals. Morever, they were hunter and want to get meal of deers, wild boar, ect.
2.2.2.2 Wells.
They want to near with wells. For the Nuca Lale, water is sacral, holy and gift of God. They build the Gendang must to near of the water, wells.
2.2.2 Gendang.
Gendang is a tradisional house where the gong, genderang saved. There as a place to solve all of cases.
2.2.3 Teno
When they want to open a new agriculture land and form a lingko, one of them which is then called as Tu'a Teno, he has to plant the teno in middle of lingko that we mention acer tente teno.
Searching here:
http://permaidikarakita.blogspot.com/2017/09/congko-lokap-and-kbeng.html?m=1
https://melky-pantur.blogspot.com/2017/09/antarkarana-alam-asal-mula-kampung.html?m=1
I will repair again the content of this text above! I need your correction!
Notes: In Manggarai, there have five houses, are: Gendang, Tambor, Niang, Bendar and Lumpung. And have six positions of leader, are: Tu'a Golo, Tu'a Gendang, Tu'a Teno, Tu'a Beo, Tu'a Panga and Tu'a Kilo.
The Compang Uniqueness.
Compang is an altar similiar with the altar in Sumba island and Ende, Flores.
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